The description below uses the variable name $CATALINA_BASE to refer the base directory against which most relative paths are resolved. If you have not configured Tomcat for multiple instances by setting a CATALINA_BASE directory, then $CATALINA_BASE will be set to the value of $CATALINA_HOME, the directory into which you have installed Tomcat.

A key recommendation of this manual is to separate the directory hierarchy containing your source code (described in this section) from the directory hierarchy containing your deployable application (described in the preceding section). Maintaining this separation has the following advantages:

• The contents of the source directories can be more easily administered, moved, and backed up if the "executable" version of the application is not intermixed.

• Source code control is easier to manage on directories that contain only source files.

• The files that make up an installable distribution of your application are much easier to select when the deployment hierarchy is separate.

As we will see, the ant development tool makes the creation and processing of such directory hierarchies nearly painless.

The actual directory and file hierarchy used to contain the source code of an application can be pretty much anything you like. However, the following organization has proven to be quite generally applicable, and is expected by the example build.xml configuration file that is discussed below. All of these components exist under a top level project source directory for your application:

• docs/ - Documentation for your application, in whatever format your development team is using.
  
  
• src/ - Java source files that generate the servlets, beans, and other Java classes that are unique to your application. If your source code is organized in packages (highly recommended), the package hierarchy should be reflected as a directory structure underneath this directory.
  
  
• web/ - The static content of your web site (HTML pages, JSP pages, JavaScript files, CSS stylesheet files, and images) that will be accessible to application clients. This directory will be the document root of your web application, and any subdirectory structure found here will be reflected in the request URIs required to access those files.
  
  
• web/WEB-INF/ - The special configuration files required for your application, including the web application deployment descriptor (web.xml, defined in the Servlet Specification), tag library descriptors for custom tag libraries you have created, and other resource files you wish to include within your web application. Even though this directory appears to be a subdirectory of your document root, the Servlet Specification prohibits serving the contents of this directory (or any file it contains) directly to a client request. Therefore, this is a good place to store configuration information that is sensitive (such as database connection usernames and passwords), but is required for your application to operate successfully.

During the development process, two additional directories will be created on a temporary basis:

• build/ - When you execute a default build (ant), this directory will contain an exact image of the files in the web application archive for this application. Tomcat allows you to deploy an application in an unpacked directory like this, either by copying it to the $CATALINA_BASE/webapps directory, or by installing it via the "Manager" web application. The latter approach is very useful during development, and will be illustrated below.
  
  
• dist/ - When you execute the ant dist target, this directory will be created. It will create an exact image of the binary distribution for your web application, including an license information, documentation, and README files that you have prepared.

Note that these two directories should NOT be archived in your source code control system, because they are deleted and recreated (from scratch) as needed during development. For that reason, you should not edit any source files in these directories if you want to maintain a permanent record of the changes, because the changes will be lost the next time that a build is performed.

As mentioned earlier, it is highly recommended that you place all of the source files that comprise your application under the management of a source code control system like the Concurrent Version System (CVS). If you elect to do this, every directory and file in the source hierarchy should be registered and saved -- but none of the generated files. If you register binary format files (such as images or JAR libraries), be sure to indicate this to your source code control system.

We recommended (in the previous section) that you should not store the contents of the build/ and dist/ directories created by your development process in the source code control system. An easy way to tell CVS to ignore these directories is to create a file named .cvsignore (note the leading period) in your top-level source directory, with the following contents:

The reason for mentioning build.properties here will be explained in the Processes section.

Detailed instructions for your source code control environment are beyond the scope of this manual. However, the following steps are followed when using a command-line CVS client:

• To refresh the state of your source code to that stored in the the source repository, go to your project source directory, and execute cvs update -dP.
  
  
• When you create a new subdirectory in the source code hierarchy, register it in CVS with a command like cvs add {subdirname}.
  
  
• When you first create a new source code file, navigate to the directory that contains it, and register the new file with a command like cvs add {filename}.
  
  
• If you no longer need a particular source code file, navigate to the containing directory and remove the file. Then, deregister it in CVS with a command like cvs remove {filename}.
  
  
• While you are creating, modifying, and deleting source files, changes are not yet reflected in the server repository. To save your changes in their current state, go to the project source directory and execute cvs commit. You will be asked to write a brief description of the changes you have just completed, which will be stored with the new version of any updated source file.

CVS, like other source code control systems, has many additional features (such as the ability to tag the files that made up a particular release, and support for multiple development branches that can later be merged). See the links and references in the Introduction for more information.

We will be using the ant tool to manage the compilation of our Java source code files, and creation of the deployment hierarchy. Ant operates under the control of a build file, normally called build.xml, that defines the processing steps required. This file is stored in the top-level directory of your source code hierarchy, and should be checked in to your source code control system.

Like a Makefile, the build.xml file provides several "targets" that support optional development activities (such as creating the associated Javadoc documentation, erasing the deployment home directory so you can build your project from scratch, or creating the web application archive file so you can distribute your application. A well-constructed build.xml file will contain internal documentation describing the targets that are designed for use by the developer, versus those targets used internally. To ask Ant to display the project documentation, change to the directory containing the build.xml file and type:

To give you a head start, a basic build.xml file is provided that you can customize and install in the project source directory for your application. This file includes comments that describe the various targets that can be executed. Briefly, the following targets are generally provided:

• clean - This target deletes any existing build and dist directories, so that they can be reconstructed from scratch. This allows you to guarantee that you have not made source code modifications that will result in problems at runtime due to not recompiling all affected classes.
  
  
• compile - This target is used to compile any source code that has been changed since the last time compilation took place. The resulting class files are created in the WEB-INF/classes subdirectory of your build directory, exactly where the structure of a web application requires them to be. Because this command is executed so often during development, it is normally made the "default" target so that a simple ant command will execute it.
  
  
• all - This target is a short cut for running the clean target, followed by the compile target. Thus, it guarantees that you will recompile the entire application, to ensure that you have not unknowingly introduced any incompatible changes.
  
  
• javadoc - This target creates Javadoc API documentation for the Java classes in this web application. The example build.xml file assumes you want to include the API documentation with your app distribution, so it generates the docs in a subdirectory of the dist directory. Because you normally do not need to generate the Javadocs on every compilation, this target is usually a dependency of the dist target, but not of the compile target.
  
  
• dist - This target creates a distribution directory for your application, including any required documentation, the Javadocs for your Java classes, and a web application archive (WAR) file that will be delivered to system administrators who wish to install your application. Because this target also depends on the deploy target, the web application archive will have also picked up any external dependencies that were included at deployment time.

For interactive development and testing of your web application using Tomcat, the following additional targets are defined:

• install - Tell the currently running Tomcat to make the application you are developing immediately available for execution and testing. This action does not require Tomcat to be restarted, but it is also not remembered after Tomcat is restarted the next time.
  
  
• reload - Once the application is installed, you can continue to make changes and recompile using the compile target. Tomcat will automatically recognize changes made to JSP pages, but not to servlet or JavaBean classes - this command will tell Tomcat to restart the currently installed application so that such changes are recognized.
  
  
• remove - When you have completed your development and testing activities, you can optionally tell Tomcat to remove this application from service.

Using the development and testing targets requires some additional one-time setup that is described on the next page.