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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE document [
<!ENTITY project SYSTEM "project.xml">
<!ENTITY defaultpolicy SYSTEM "../../conf/catalina.policy">
]>
<document url="security-manager-howto.html">
&project;
<properties>
<author email="glenn@voyager.apg.more.net">Glenn Nielsen</author>
<author email="jeanfrancois.arcand@sun.com">Jean-Francois Arcand</author>
<title>Security Manager How-To</title>
</properties>
<body>
<section name="Table of Contents">
<toc/>
</section>
<section name="Background">
<p>The Java <strong>SecurityManager</strong> is what allows a web browser
to run an applet in its own sandbox to prevent untrusted code from
accessing files on the local file system, connecting to a host other
than the one the applet was loaded from, and so on. In the same way
the SecurityManager protects you from an untrusted applet running in
your browser, use of a SecurityManager while running Tomcat can protect
your server from trojan servlets, JSPs, JSP beans, and tag libraries.
Or even inadvertent mistakes.</p>
<p>Imagine if someone who is authorized to publish JSPs on your site
inadvertently included the following in their JSP:</p>
<source><![CDATA[<% System.exit(1); %>]]></source>
<p>Every time this JSP was executed by Tomcat, Tomcat would exit.
Using the Java SecurityManager is just one more line of defense a
system administrator can use to keep the server secure and reliable.</p>
<p><strong>WARNING</strong> - A security audit
have been conducted using the Tomcat codebase. Most of the critical
package have been protected and a new security package protection mechanism
has been implemented. Still, make sure that you are satisfied with your SecurityManager
configuration before allowing untrusted users to publish web applications,
JSPs, servlets, beans, or tag libraries. <strong>However, running with a
SecurityManager is definitely better than running without one.</strong></p>
</section>
<section name="Permissions">
<p>Permission classes are used to define what Permissions a class loaded
by Tomcat will have. There are a number of Permission classes that are
a standard part of the JDK, and you can create your own Permission class
for use in your own web applications. Both techniques are used in
Tomcat.</p>
<subsection name="Standard Permissions">
<p>This is just a short summary of the standard system SecurityManager
Permission classes applicable to Tomcat. See
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/">
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/</a>
for more information.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>java.util.PropertyPermission</strong> - Controls read/write
access to JVM properties such as <code>java.home</code>.</li>
<li><strong>java.lang.RuntimePermission</strong> - Controls use of
some System/Runtime functions like <code>exit()</code> and
<code>exec()</code>. Also control the package access/definition.</li>
<li><strong>java.io.FilePermission</strong> - Controls read/write/execute
access to files and directories.</li>
<li><strong>java.net.SocketPermission</strong> - Controls use of
network sockets.</li>
<li><strong>java.net.NetPermission</strong> - Controls use of
multicast network connections.</li>
<li><strong>java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission</strong> - Controls
use of reflection to do class introspection.</li>
<li><strong>java.security.SecurityPermission</strong> - Controls access
to Security methods.</li>
<li><strong>java.security.AllPermission</strong> - Allows access to all
permissions, just as if you were running Tomcat without a
SecurityManager.</li>
</ul>
</subsection>
</section>
<section name="Configuring Tomcat With A SecurityManager">
<h3>Policy File Format</h3>
<p>The security policies implemented by the Java SecurityManager are
configured in the <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.policy</code> file.
This file completely replaces the <code>java.policy</code> file present
in your JDK system directories. The <code>catalina.policy</code> file
can be edited by hand, or you can use the
<a href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/technotes/guides/security/PolicyGuide.html">policytool</a>
application that comes with Java 1.2 or later.</p>
<p>Entries in the <code>catalina.policy</code> file use the standard
<code>java.policy</code> file format, as follows:</p>
<source><![CDATA[// Example policy file entry
grant [signedBy <signer>,] [codeBase <code source>] {
permission <class> [<name> [, <action list>]];
};]]></source>
<p>The <strong>signedBy</strong> and <strong>codeBase</strong> entries are
optional when granting permissions. Comment lines begin with "//" and
end at the end of the current line. The <code>codeBase</code> is in the
form of a URL, and for a file URL can use the <code>${java.home}</code>
and <code>${catalina.home}</code> properties (which are expanded out to
the directory paths defined for them by the <code>JAVA_HOME</code>,
<code>CATALINA_HOME</code> and <code>CATALINA_BASE</code> environment
variables).</p>
<h3>The Default Policy File</h3>
<p>The default <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.policy</code> file
looks like this:</p>
<!-- The following pulls in the conf/catalina.policy file when the
documentation is built -->
<source>&defaultpolicy;</source>
<h3>Starting Tomcat With A SecurityManager</h3>
<p>Once you have configured the <code>catalina.policy</code> file for use
with a SecurityManager, Tomcat can be started with a SecurityManager in
place by using the "-security" option:</p>
<source>$CATALINA_HOME/bin/catalina.sh start -security (Unix)
%CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina start -security (Windows)</source>
<subsection name="Permissions for packed WAR files">
<p>When using packed WAR files, it is necessary to use Tomcat's custom war
URL protocol to assign permissions to web application code.</p>
<p>To assign permissions to the entire web application the entry in the
policy file would look like this:</p>
<source><![CDATA[// Example policy file entry
grant codeBase "war:file:${catalina.base}/webapps/examples.war*/-" {
...
};
]]></source>
<p>To assign permissions to a single JAR within the web application the
entry in the policy file would look like this:</p>
<source><![CDATA[// Example policy file entry
grant codeBase "war:file:${catalina.base}/webapps/examples.war*/WEB-INF/lib/foo.jar" {
...
};
]]></source>
</subsection>
</section>
<section name="Configuring Package Protection in Tomcat">
<p>Starting with Tomcat 5, it is now possible to configure which Tomcat
internal package are protected against package definition and access. See
<a href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/seccodeguide-139067.html">
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/seccodeguide-139067.html</a>
for more information.</p>
<p><strong>WARNING</strong>: Be aware that removing the default package protection
could possibly open a security hole</p>
<h3>The Default Properties File</h3>
<p>The default <code>$CATALINA_BASE/conf/catalina.properties</code> file
looks like this:</p>
<source><![CDATA[#
# List of comma-separated packages that start with or equal this string
# will cause a security exception to be thrown when
# passed to checkPackageAccess unless the
# corresponding RuntimePermission ("accessClassInPackage."+package) has
# been granted.
package.access=sun.,org.apache.catalina.,org.apache.coyote.,org.apache.tomcat.,
org.apache.jasper.
#
# List of comma-separated packages that start with or equal this string
# will cause a security exception to be thrown when
# passed to checkPackageDefinition unless the
# corresponding RuntimePermission ("defineClassInPackage."+package) has
# been granted.
#
# by default, no packages are restricted for definition, and none of
# the class loaders supplied with the JDK call checkPackageDefinition.
#
package.definition=sun.,java.,org.apache.catalina.,org.apache.coyote.,
org.apache.tomcat.,org.apache.jasper.]]></source>
<p>Once you have configured the <code>catalina.properties</code> file for use
with a SecurityManager, remember to re-start Tomcat.</p>
</section>
<section name="Troubleshooting">
<p>If your web application attempts to execute an operation that is
prohibited by lack of a required Permission, it will throw an
<code>AccessControLException</code> or a <code>SecurityException</code>
when the SecurityManager detects the violation. Debugging the permission
that is missing can be challenging, and one option is to turn on debug
output of all security decisions that are made during execution. This
is done by setting a system property before starting Tomcat. The easiest
way to do this is via the <code>CATALINA_OPTS</code> environment variable.
Execute this command:</p>
<source>export CATALINA_OPTS=-Djava.security.debug=all (Unix)
set CATALINA_OPTS=-Djava.security.debug=all (Windows)</source>
<p>before starting Tomcat.</p>
<p><strong>WARNING</strong> - This will generate <em>many megabytes</em>
of output! However, it can help you track down problems by searching
for the word "FAILED" and determining which permission was being checked
for. See the Java security documentation for more options that you can
specify here as well.</p>
</section>
</body>
</document>